Qana A. Alsulami1 · Wafa A. Bawazir1 · Sherif M. A. S. Keshk2

Received: 14 December 2024 / Accepted: 25 February 2025
© Qatar University and Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025

Abstract

Chitosan (CS) is a naturally occurring biopolymer that is readily accessible and widely used in various industrial applications. However, its low proton conductivity, particularly at elevated temperatures, poses challenges for its application as a proton exchange membrane for fuel cells (PEMFCs). Read more