Abstract

This review critically examines the recent progress in the development of sulfonated polyether sulfone (SPES) and its derivatives (including sulfonated polyether sulfone with open sulfonic acid groups (SPESOS)) as functional matrices for next-generation proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. SPES-based membranes offer a tunable backbone, excellent thermal and mechanical stability, and chemical resistance, yet they often suffer from reduced proton conductivity and hydration stability under low-humidity or high-temperature conditions Read More