Abstract

Diclofenac sodium (DCF), a common pharmaceutical contaminant, poses risks to both environmental and human health even at low concentrations. Although environmental levels typically fall within the ng/L–µg/L range, this study investigates DCF sorption in the low‑mg/L domain (1–10 mg/L) to elucidate adsorption mechanisms and thermodynamic behavior. A kaolinite-biochar composite made from almond shell biomass (Kaol-ASB) was evaluated as a sustainable adsorbent. Read More